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    PartⅡ Cloze Test         If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide（宽的，广阔的） gap（间隙） between his consumption(消费) and his production（生产，产品）. He must store a large quantity（量，数量） of grain（谷物，粮食） 41 instead of consuming（消费） all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 only if he produces(生产) a surplus（剩余，盈余）. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed（种子） for sowing（播种）, as an insurance（安全保障，保险） 43 against the unpredictable（不可预知） effects of bad weather and as a commodity（日常用品） which he must sell in order to 44 replace old agricultural（农业的） implements（工具） and obtain（获得） chemical（化学的） fertilizers（肥料） to 45 feed（喂食） the soil（土壤）. He may also need money to construct（构造，建造） irrigation（灌溉） 46 channels and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 self-sufficient（可以自给的，自足的） . He must either sell some of his property or48seek（寻找） extra（额外的） funds（资金） in the form of loans（贷款）. Naturally（自然地） he will try to borrow money at a low 49 rate of interest（兴趣，利息）, but loans of this kind are not 50 frequently obtainable（能到手的）.     41.［A］other than ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than　     42.［A］only if ［B］much as ［C］long before ［D］ever since 　     43.［A］for ［B］against［C］supplement ［D］dispose　     44.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose     45.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise　     46.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels 　     47.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient     ［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained　     48.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek     49.［A］proportion ［B］percentage　［C］rate ［D］ratio         50.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously　［C］presumably ［D］frequently     Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension     Directions:     Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked［A］，［B］［C］and［D］.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40points)     Passage 1     A history of long and effortless（adj.容易的，不费力气的） success can be a dreadful（adj.可怕的） handicap（n障碍，v阻碍）, but, if properly（adv.适当的，正当的） handled（n.柄，把手vt.触摸vi.搬运）, it may become a driving（n.赶，操纵adj.推进的，强劲的） force. When the United States entered（进入） just such a glowing period（n.时期，周期） after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor（n.竞争者）, giving its industries（工业，勤劳） unparalleled（adj.无比的，空前的） economies（n.经济） of scale（比例，刻度）. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous（成功的，繁盛的） beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable（不可避免的） that this primacy（第一） should have narrowed（狭窄的） as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat（避难所，撤退） from predominance（优势，控制） proved（证明） painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading（衰退） industrial（工业的） competitiveness. Some huge（极大的） American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk（收缩） or vanished（消失） in the face of foreign competition（竞争）. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles（纺织物） were sweeping（打扫） into the domestic（家里的，家庭的） market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes（绳子，内情）. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors（半导体）, which America had invented（发明） and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty（严重事故，伤亡）. All of this caused a crisis（危机） of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity（繁荣，幸运，成功） for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing（失败，衰退）, and that their incomes would therefore（因此） shortly begin to fall（落下） as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry（询问，探查） after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline（衰落，下降）. Their sometimes sensational（使人感动的，非常好的） findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition（竞争） from overseas（海外）. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid（固体的，密实的） growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute（n.属性vt.把。。。归因于） this solely（独自的，单独的） to such obvious（明显的，明白的） causes as a devalued（贬值） dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt（缺少自信，自我疑惑） has yielded（n.生产量vt.生产） to blind（瞎的，视而不见的） pride（自豪）. “American industry has changed its structure（结构）, has gone on a diet（日常饮食，会议）, has learnt to be more quick-witted（智力的）,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive（执行） dean（院长，主持牧师） of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud（自豪） to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity（生产力）,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute（学会，协会）, a think-tank（智囊团） in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period（时期） as “a golden age of business management（管理，管理部门） in the United States.”               Passage 2     Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio(比例) drops to near balance at the age of maturity（成熟）, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal（宇宙的，全世界的，普遍的，一般的，通用的，万能的） of male mortality（死亡率，死亡数目） is being changed. Now, by babies survive（活得长，幸免于） almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess（过度，剩余） of boys in those crucial（决定性的，重要的） years when the are searching for a mate（配偶）. More important, another chance for natural（天然的） selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby(particularly（特别的） a boy baby)surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram（公斤） too light or too heavy meant almost certain（确信的，肯定的） death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation（变动，变异） is due to（由于。。。） genes one more agent（媒介,动因,代理人,行为者,经纪人;作用物,药剂） of evolution（进展，发展，演变） has gone.     There is another way to commit evolutionary（adj.进展，发展） suicide（自杀）: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile（肥沃的，富饶的，丰富的） as in the past. Except（除） in some religious（宗教性的，修道士，出家人） communities（社区）, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly（粗暴的，粗心的） the same number of offspring（子孙，后代）. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished（减少，变小）. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth（财富，资源） for a few in the great cities and poverty（贫穷） for the remaining tribal（部落的，种族的） peoples. The grand（壮观的，伟大的，重要的） mediocrity（平常，平庸之才） of today everyone being the same in survival（留住生命，生存） and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to（比作，比喻） the tribes（种族，部落）.     For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological（生物的，生物学的） Utopia（理想国） has arrived. Strangely（奇怪的）, it has involved（包缠，使卷入） little physical（物理的） change No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years even the pass 100year our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve（进展，发展）, because machines（机器） and society（社会） did it for us. Darwin had a phrase（片语，惯用语，成语） to describe（描写） those ignorant（无知识的，不知道的） of evolution: they "look at an organic（器官的，有机的，组织的） being as average looks at a ship, as at something wholly（整个，全部） beyond his comprehension（理解，领悟）." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension（理解） for its ugliness（丑陋）. But however amazed our descendants（后裔，传下的） may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.          Passage 3     When a new movement（运动） in art attains（到达，完成） a certain（确定的，肯定的） fashion, it is advisable（可取的，适当的） to find out what its advocates（鼓吹，主张，支持） are aiming at（旨在，目的在于）, for, however farfetched（牵强的，不自然的） and unreasonable（不合理的） their principles（原理，原则） may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded（尊重） as（把。。。认作） normal. With regard to Futurist（未来派画家，未来信徒） poetry（诗歌）, however, the case（情况，箱子，案例） is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting（允许，承诺） that the theory on which it is based may be right, it can hardly be classed as Literature（文学，文献，文学作品）.     This, in brief（摘要，简报）, is what the Futurist says; for a noise and violence（暴力） and speed. Consequently（因而，所以）, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone（遭受，经历） a corresponding（符合的，一致的） change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression（表达）. We must speed up our literature（文字） too, if we want to interpret（解释，说明） modern stress（压力）. We must pour（倒，倾泻） out a large stream of essential（必要的，本质的） words, unhampered（不阻碍） by stops, or qualifying（取得资格） adjectives（形容词）, of finite（有限的，有穷的） verbs（动词）. Instead of describing（描述） sounds we must make up words that imitate（模仿，仿造） them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks（墨水） on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.     Certainly（一定，必定） their descriptions（描绘） of battles（战斗，斗争） are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory（解释的，说明的） notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish（土耳其） and a Bulgarian（保加利亚） officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find that the line consists（由。。。组成） of the noise of their falling and the weights（重量） of the officers:` Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.'     This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition（建议）: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression（表达）. The whole question is really this: have we essentially（本质上的，实质上的） changed?          Passage 4     Aimlessness（漫无目的） has hardly been typical（典型的） of the postwar（战后的） Japan whose productivity（生产力） and social harmony（和谐） are the envy（羡慕） of the United States and Europe. But increasingly（逐渐的） the Japanese are seeing a decline（衰微，下降） of the traditional work-moral（道德） values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary（最主要的） reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic（经济上的，实用的） needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.     The coming of age of the postwar baby boom（繁荣） and an entry of women into the male-dominated（支配，占优势） job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices（牺牲，供奉祭品） involved（使更困难） in climbing（爬） Japan's rigid（坚硬的） social ladder（梯） to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey（调查）, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition（此外）, far more Japanese workers expressed（表达） dissatisfaction（不满） with their jobs than did their counterparts（副本，相应物） in the 10 other countries surveyed（调查）.     While often praised（赞美） by foreigners（外国人） for its emphasis（强调，加强，强语气） on the basics（实质性的东西）, Japanese education tends（照管，服侍） to stress（压力） test taking and mechanical（机械的） learning over creativity（创造力） and self-expression（表达）." Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality（个性，人格）, ability, courage or humanity（人类，人性，仁慈） are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling（判决，裁定）Liberal Democratic Party's education committee." Frustration（打破，挫折） against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults（突袭，攻击） on teachers. Amid（在其中，之间） the outcry（尖叫）, many conservative（保守的，守旧的） leaders are seeking（寻找，探索） a return to the prewar（战前的） emphasis on moral（道德） education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister（部长）, raised（提起） eyebrows（眉毛） when he argued（争论） that liberal（自由主义者） reforms（改革） introduced（带领，输入） by the American occupation（职业，工作） authorities（权威，当局） after World WarⅡ had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."     But that may have more to do with Japanese life-stvles." In Japan," says educator（教育工作者） Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure（忍受）." With economic（经济的） growth has come centralization（权力的集中）; fully（完全的） 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended（扩展） family have been abandoned（离开） in favor（喜爱，好感） of isolated（隔离，孤立）, two generation（产生，发生） households（一家人，家庭）. Urban（市镇的，位于市镇的） Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes(travels to and from work)and crowded living conditions（状态，处境，地位）, but as the old group and family values weaken（变弱）, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce（离婚） rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides（自杀） have increased（增加） by nearly one-quarter.          Passage 5     If ambition（雄心，大志，野心） is to be well regarded（尊重）, the rewards（报酬，奖赏） of ambition health, distinction（差别，区别）, control over one's destiny（命运） must be deemed（认为，相信） worthy of the sacrifices（牺牲，祭品） made on ambition's behalf（代表，利益，支持）. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality（生命力）, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, However, it is the educated who have claimed（要求，主张） to have give up on have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own the that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy（伪善） in this, a case of closing the barn（仓库） door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.     Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly（以前，从前）. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names and name brands（商标，牌子，烙印） may change, but such items do not seem less in demand（需求） today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess（供认，承认） fully to their dreams, as easily（容易的） and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive（想获得的，贪得的） and vulgar（粗俗，庸俗的）. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical（伪善的） spectacles（值得看的东西，光景）, which now more than ever seem in ample（充足，丰富） supply（供给）: the critic（批评家） of American materialism（唯物主义） with a Southampton（南安普敦） summer home; the publisher（出版者，发行人） of radical（根本的，基本的，激进的） books who takes his meals（一餐） in three-star restaurants; the journalist（新闻记者） advocating（鼓吹，主张，提倡） participatory（供人分享的） democracy（民主） in all phases（时期，局面） of life, whose own children are enrolled（登记） in private（私人的） schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional（例外的，异常的）, the proper formulation（形成，用公式表明，明确的表达） is," Succeed at all costs but avoid（避免） appearing ambitious."     The attacks（攻击） on ambition are many and come from various（不同的，各种的） angles（角度）; its public defenders（防卫） are few and unimpressive（无印象的，不令人信服的）, where the are not extremely（极端地） unattractive（无魅力的，乏味的）. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse（推动，刺激), a quality(品质) to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings(活泼，活跃） and promptings（刺激，激励）, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly（狡滑）. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest（认真的，热心的） people trying to get on in life.          Part Ⅳ English-Chinese Translation     Directions:     Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly no ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)     Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.71)     Under modem（调制解调器） conditions（条件）, this requires varying（改变，使多样化） measures（措施） of centralized（集聚，集中） control and hence（从此，以后） the help of specialized（专攻，专门研究） scientists（科学家） such as economists（经济） and operational（操作的，运作的） research experts.（专家）72)Furthermore（而且，此外）, it is obvious（明显的） that the strength（力量，力气） of a country's economy is directly bound（跃，回跳，约束） up with the efficiency（效率，效能） of its agriculture（农业） and industry, and that this in turn rests（休息，安静） upon the efforts（努力，成就） of scientists and technologists（技术专家） of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled（强迫） to interfere（干涉，干预） in these sectors（部门，扇区） in order to step up（提高） production and ensure that it is utilized（利用） to the best advantage（有利条件，优势）. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter（改变，更改） the structure（结构） of education, of in they may cooperate（合作，协力） directly in the growing number of international projects（项目） related（有关系的） to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions（干涉） are heavily（沉重的） dependent（依靠） on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower（人力） of all kinds.     73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed（暴露） to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations（改革，创新） for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly（广大的，许多） accelerated（加速，加快） speed compared with the past. For example.74)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process（程序，进程，过程） of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns（图案，模范，榜样） that followed-was spread（传播） over nearly a century, whereas（然而） nowadays a developing nation（国家，民族） may undergo（经历，遭受） the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect（结果，印象，影响） of building up unusual pressures and tensions（拉紧，紧张） within the community and consequently（因而，所以） presents（礼物，目前） serious（严重的） problems for the governments concerned（关心的）.75)Additional（附加的，另外的） social stresses（压力） may also occur（发生，存在） because of the population explosion（爆发） or problems arising（出现，发生，产生） from mass migration（移民，移动） movements-themselves made relatively（相对的） easy nowadays by modern means of transport（传送器，运输）. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate（拨出，挪用，适当的） programs and putting them into effect.

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